大出血是战场上可预防战斗死亡的主要原因,目前外军使用最多的是一种旋压式止血带(Combat Application Tourniquet ,C-A-T),电影里面也能看到,他们通常挂在肩膀上。旋压式止血带是一种伤者可以自己操作的工具,力度自己掌控,通过对绑带的不断收紧,直到血停止流出,把止血带扣在固定的部位的,完成操作流程。在美军中的止血带,主要来自SOF和CAT两个品牌。CAT配发普通部队,而SOF止血带则主要配发特种部队。其中原因,一是SOF要比CAT贵上1/3的价格,不过通过实际使用,SOF止血带的确要比CAT好用很多,设计更合理。
旋压式止血带的两个重要部分就是尼龙扎带和收紧把手,使用的时候将尼龙扎带套在受伤肢体创口上部,扣住卡扣,然后用力拉进尼龙扎带,再不断的旋转收紧把手便可以止血.
具体使用方法请看下图:
1.将止血带套于伤肢;
2.将止血带置于伤口上方2-3英寸;
3.拉紧自粘带
4.反向粘紧自粘带;
5.转动胶棒直至出血停止;
6.固定夹固定绞棒
7.固定带封住自粘带;
8.记录止血时间
9.在伤员前额标记“T”,提醒让人该伤员使用了止血带
止血带使用注意事项:
1.不要把止血带放在你背囊的底部(美军士兵常将止血带用魔术贴放置于胸前,视频中可见),止血带是你火线出血自救的第一选择!如有指征,要毫不迟疑地在第一时间应用止血带。
2.火线条件下只对致命性大出血使用止血带。战场所有人员都应佩戴TCCC推荐的战术止血带,质量差的止血带在极端环境下可能易于断裂。
3.应用止血带时不要随意移动伤员身上的军装/制服,以确保出血位置明确。
4.如果出血位置不明确,或者是夜间行动,亦或者多处致伤,应用止血带的原则就是“高而紧”,即在近心端使用止血带;
5.如果第一根止血带失败,迅速在近心端(上方)用上第二根止血带,但要确保绞棒互不干扰;
6.止血带不要跨过膝关节或肘关节(容易导致止血带止血效果不佳);
7.应用止血带会引起一定疼痛,但这可以保住你的命。
8.密切监视伤员情况,确保止血带足够紧且出血得到控制。
9.在应用任何止血带后,都要切记反复评估、评估、再评估。
致命性大出血判断指征
1.自伤口跳动性的或持续性的出血;
2.地上流了一滩血;
3.外层衣服被血浸透;
4.绷带止血无效且慢慢被血浸透;
5.创伤性肢体离断;
6.出血导致的休克、意识丧失等;
旋压止血带操作简便,止血效果快而有效,目前已经成为战场单兵的最爱!与传统的纱质止血绷带相比有两个特点,首先是快速,可在几秒之内达到止血效果;其次是可以单兵操作,即便是没有战友或者医护兵帮助下也能迅速为自己止血。
精彩视频,不容错过!
民用旋压式止血带操作要点及注意事项
Two handedapplication(双手操作注意事项)
In life threatening situations, the items in this bleeding control kits design to provide you simple and essentialmedical equipment to stop bleeding empower anyone to assisting life threateningsituations.
Easily prepare yourself for the unexpected,lives are depending on it.
Gloves should be worn during the application(使用时一定要戴手套)
To begin, remove the CAT from the bleeding control kit
For best results, expose the skins where the wound is located
Two handed application, pull the band out of the cat buckle
Round the band around the limb
Position the CAT 2-3 inches above the bleeding site (在出血部位5.08cm~7.62cm处使用CAT)
Apply directly to the skin
Pass the red tip through the slid of thebuckle
Pull the band tightly and fasten it back on itself all the way around the limb but not over the rod clips(使用自黏式尼龙绷带绕紧伤肢时,避开固定绞棒)
The band should be tight enough that
Tip of three fingers cannot slide between the band and the limb(确保3指无法通过止血带缠绕处)
If the tips of three fingers slide underthe band
Retighten and rescuer
Twist the rod until the bleeding stop
Secure the rod inside the clip to lock inplace
Check for bleeding and the distance pulses (检查出血及远端脉搏)
If the bleeding is not control or thedistance pulses is present
Consider additional tightening or tryanother CAT above and side by side to the first
Re-assess(再评估)
Secure the rod and band with time strap
Record the time of application on the timestrap with permanent mark included in kit
Assure the patient that help is on the way
Onehanded application(单手操作注意事项)
Insert the injured the limb through the loops of the band and (将伤肢套入已穿好的自黏式绷带圈中)
And position the cat 2-3 inches above the bleeding site
Directly to the skin
Pull the band tightly and fasten it backonto itself all the way around the limb but not over the rod clips
The band should be tight enough that
Tip of three fingers cannot slide between the bandand the limb(确保3指无法通过止血带缠绕处)
If the tips of three fingers slide underthe band
Retighten and rescued
Twist the rod until the bleeding stop
Secure the rod inside the clip to lock inplace
Check for bleeding and the distance pulses(检查出血及远端脉搏)
If the bleeding is not control or thedistance pulses is present
Consider additional tightening or tryanother CAT above and side by side to the first
Reassess(再评估)
Round the band between the clips and overthe rods
Secure the rod and band with time strap
If able, record the time of application on the time strap with permanent marker in the kit(如可能,记录使用时间)
Storagethe cat in the quick launch situation(如何储存快速用于训练)
Take band out of the buckle
Ensure the rob is not secure in the clip
All terms of rods are removed,
Stretch out the band twice horizontally likean ache
To straight it out
Pass the red tip to slip into the buckle
Pull 8 inches of band through
Fold it back and adhere the band to itself
Flatten the loop band place the buckle inthe middle of flatten the band
Fold the cat in half
Placing the buckle at the one hand
Secure the rob inside the clip to lock inplace
Thecat is now ready to be used for future training.
Importantpoints to remember(其他注意事项):
Never place a tourniquet over a joint, such as a knee or elbow(不可在关节处使用)
The tourniquet can be applied over clothing(可在衣物外使用)
If the site of the bleeding is not really apparent,place the tourniquet high and tight as proximal as possible on the injured limbs(出血部位不明显时,尽量在临近伤肢处扎紧止血带)
Never use the tourniquet over items in your clothing(不要将止血带扎在衣物中的其他物品上)
For large limed persons, two tourniquets may be used(肢体较大伤者可使用2个CAT)
But must be applied side by side(必须并排使用)
With the rods not interfering with each other(保证绞棒之间不会互相干扰)
The band should be tighter enough that the tips of three fingers cannot slide under the band(扎紧确保3指不能穿过)
Prepare anyone anywhere to save a life